Thursday, June 10, 2010

Western Civ Final Exam

Question: Explain why some scholars have called the Ancient Egyptians a "death obsessed" culture. Do you agree?

Thesis: Ancient Egyptians were a civilization based on the morals of what happened to someone after they died, this is why this statement that the Ancient Egyptians were a "death obsessed" culture.

Primary Source #1: "Ra Harmakhis, the Great God in his boat. Temu. Shu. Tefnut. Keb. Nut, the Lady of Heaven. Isis. Nephthys. Horus, the Great God. Hathor, Lady of Amentet. Hu. Sa."

The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Papyrus of Ani, c 1240 BC


Primary Source #2: The ceremony was believed to have taken place before Osiris, the chief god of the dead and Afterlife, and a tribunal of 43 dieties. Standing before the tribunal the deceased was asked to name each of the divine judges and swear that he or she had not committed any offences, ranging from raising the voice to stealing. This was the "negative confession". If found innocent, the deceased was declared "true of voice" and allowed to proceed into the Afterlife.

Weighing of the Heart: The weighing of the heart ceremony


Primary Source #3: Ho! king Neferkere (Pepi II)! How beautiful is this! How beautiful is this, which thy father Osiris has done for thee ! He has given thee his throne, thou rulest those of the hidden places (the dead), thou leadest their august ones, all the glorious ones follow thee (Pyr. 2022-3).

Mircea Eliade: "From Primitives to Zen", The Dead Pharaoh Becomes Osiris


Explanation of Argument:

In the first primary source there is listed are all the gods that they would worship. All of these gods and other were present when someone was judged on whether they got to go into the afterlife or not. In the second primary source is a beginning explanation about what went on in this ceremony and how they weighed the heart against a feather. In the third primary source it shows what they thought could happen to someone if they lived a good life. One of the Pharaohs was even said to have become Osiris, which was a god, when he was resurrected.

Question: Considering all of the conflict of the first century BCE, was Rome better off as an 'empire' than as a republic?

Thesis: Rome was better off a republic because they won a lot of battles and became a more respected civilization when they became a republic.

Primary Source #1: Many times Mithridates had over 400 ships of his own, 50,000 cavalry, and 250,000 infantry, with engines and arms in proportion. For allies he had the king of Armenia and the princes of the Scythian tribes around the Euxine and the Sea of Azov and beyond, as far as the Thracian Bosphorus. He held communication with the leaders of the Roman civil wars, which were then fiercely raging, and with those who were inciting insurrections in Spain. He established friendly relations with the Gauls for the purpose of invading Italy.

Ancient History Sourcebook:

Mithridates & The Roman Conquests in the East, 90-61 BCE



Primary Source #2: At the end of the winter [63-62 B.C.] Pompey distributed rewards to the army, 1500 Attic drachmas [Arkenberg: about $3857 in 1998 dollars] to each soldier, and in like proportion to the officers, the whole, it was said, amounting to 16,000 talents [Arkenberg: about $229 million in 1998 dollars]. Then he marched to Ephesus, embarked for Italy, and hastened to Rome, having dismissed his soldiers at Brundisium to their homes, by which act his popularity was greatly increased among the Romans.

Ancient History Sourcebook:

Mithridates & The Roman Conquests in the East, 90-61 BCE



Primary Source #3: "Executive: Limits on power: one year term, each could veto. Legislative: Limits on power: could not control army, needed majority as soldiers. Judicial: Limits on power: Could not suggest laws, often paid as clients by the elite"

Ancient History Sourcebook: The Roman Republic: Checks and Balances


Explanation of Argument: Having a republic instead of an empire was a step in the right direction for the Romans. In the first primary source it shows how much supplies that the Romans had ready for their army now. In the second primary source it shows how much money the Romans had to fund their army and give their troops not such a bad sum either. In the third primary source it shows that the Romans thought of a checks and balances system. This is good for Rome because now each branch of the government has a limited amount of power over the other.

Question: Who is a better model for modern historians: Herodotus or Thucydides? Why?

Thesis: Herodotus was a better historian because he wrote more books and had better content about the histories of places like Greece in them.

Primary Source #1:
"Greek historian, called the Father of History, was born at Halicarnassus in Asia Minor, then dependent upon the Persians, in or about the year 484 B.C. Herodotus was thus born a Persian subject, and such he con~ tinued until he was thirty or fiveandthirty years of age."

Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Herodotus


Primary Source #2: "These are the researches of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, which he publishes, in the hope of thereby preserving from decay the remembrance of what men have done, and of preventing the great and wonderful actions of the Greeks and the Barbarians from losing their due meed of glory; and withal to put on record what were their grounds of feuds. According to the Persians best informed in history, the Phoenicians began to quarrel."

The History of Herodotus: By Herodotus, Written 440 B.C.E


Primary Source #3: "On the death of Cyrus, Cambyses his son by Cassandane daughter of Pharnaspes took the kingdom. Cassandane had died in the lifetime of Cyrus, who had made a great mourning for her at her death, and had commanded all the subjects of his empire to observe the like. Cambyses, the son of this lady and of Cyrus, regarding the Ionian and Aeolian Greeks as vassals of his father, took them with him in his expedition against Egypt among the other nations which owned his sway."

The History of Herodotus: By Herodotus, Written 440 B.C.E


Explanation of Argument: Herodotus wrote a lot of work including nine books about what was going on where he was living, when he was living. The first source talks about him and what he did and his title. The second and third source both give a little bit of an overview of the stuff he liked the write about.

Question: Were the Vikings "barbarians"?

Thesis: The Vikings were barbarians in every sense of that word for what they did to people when they didn't go along with their plan.

Primary Source #1: "The Scandinavians who, in the ninth and tenth centuries, first ravaged the coasts of Western Europe and its islands and then turned from raiding into settlers."

Urquhart, F. (1911). Northmen (Vikings)


Primary Source #2: "Pirates of the Northmen's race came to Nantes, killed the bishop and many of the clergy and laymen, both men and women, and pillaged the city. Thence they set out to plunder the lands of lower Aquitaine. At length they arrived at a certain island [the isle of Rhé, near La Rochelle, north of the mouth of the Garonne], and carried materials thither from the mainland to build themselves houses; and they settled there for the winter, as if that were to be their permanent dwelling-place."

Medieval Sourcebook: Three Sources on the Ravages of the Northmen in Frankland, c. 843 - 912


Primary Source #3: "In a passage that has become famous, the Ynglingasaga sets the comrades of Odin before us: 'They went without shields, and were mad as dogs or wolves, and bit on their shields, and were as strong as bears or bulls; men they slew, and neither fire nor steel would deal with them; and this is what is called the fury of the berserker.' This mythological picture has been rightly identified as a description of real men's societies-the famous Mannerbunde of the ancient Germanic civilization. The berserkers were, literally, the 'warriors in shirts (serkr) of bear.' This is as much as to say that they were magically identified with the bear. In addition they could sometimes change themselves into wolves and bears. A man became a berserker as the result of an initiation that included specifically martial ordeals. So, for example, Tacitus tells us that among the Chatti the candidate cut neither his hair nor his beard until he had killed an enemy. Among the Taifali, the youth had to bring down a boar or a wolf, among the Heruli, he had to fight unarmed. Through these ordeals, the candidate took to himself a wild-animal mode of being; he became a dreaded warrior in the measure in which he behaved like a beast of prey. He metamorphosed himself into a superman because he succeeded in assimilating the magico-religious force proper to the carnivore."

Mircea Eliade "From Primitives to Zen": INITIATION OF A WARRIOR


Explanation of Argument: Vikings were truly barbarians to say the least. The Vikings looted everybody and just went and slaughtered anyone who got in there way. The first source talks about them ravaging and starting their conquest. The second source talks about some of the things the vikings did. The third source talks about the Viking's initiation into becoming a warrior.

Question: What was the significance of the Black Death and the 100 Years' War to the development of Europe as we know it today?

Thesis: The significance of these terrible events is that Europe became more careful and stronger because of the war and the disease that went through their region.

Primary Source #1: "At the beginning of October, in the year of the incarnation of the Son of God 1347, twelve Genoese galleys . . . entered the harbor of Messina. In their bones they bore so virulent a disease that anyone who only spoke to them was seized by a mortal illness and in no manner could evade death."

The Black Death: A Description of the Plague


Primary Source #2: "Moreover, the virulence of the pest was the greater by reason the intercourse was apt to convey it from the sick to the whole, just as fire devours things dry or greasy when they are brought close to it, the evil went yet further, for not merely by speech or association with the sick was the malady communicated to the healthy with consequent peril of common death; but any that touched the clothes the sick or aught else that had been touched, or used by these seemed thereby to contract the disease."

Medieval Sourcebook: Boccaccio: The Decameron - Introduction


Primary Source #3: "

On the 28th of August, some companions, both mounted and afoot, issued out of the Moreau Gate and went coursing; they captured two merchant women and fifteen horses and led them peacefully back into Tournai...."




Explanation of Argument: These events were both hardships on Europe along with other region. There were dead people everywhere in both of these events. The first primary source is talking about how the Black Death was inescapable. The second source it is talking about how the disease is spread and what happens when people got the disease. The third source is a the first day of the Two Days Siege of Tournai. These were both terrible events that brought misery and death to Europe but made the region stronger.

Question: "Structures, both social and physical are continually improving." Agree or disagree -- using examples from this semester's study. (from @thecorcoran)

Thesis: Structures, both social and physical are definitely continuing to improve today especially with all the technology advances.

Primary Source #1: "The following account of the discovery of North America by Leif Ericsson is contained in the "Saga of Eric the Red"; and the present translation is that made by A. M. Reeves from the version of the Saga in the Flateyar-bok, compiled by Jon Thordharson about 1387. The part of the coast where Leif landed is much in dispute, the most recent investigations tending to the southern part of the coast of Labrador, though many scholars believe Vinland to have been on the New England shore."


Modern History Sourcebook:

The Discovery of North America by Leif Ericsson, c. 1000

from The Saga of Eric the Red, 1387



Primary Source #2: "And we prohibit any one to sell a man out of the country. But if he, who wishes to make his serf free, hand him over to the sheriff by his right hand in full assembly, he must proclaim him quit of the yoke of his servitude by manumission, and show him free ways and gates and give him arms, viz., lance and sword; finally the man is made free."

Medieval Sourcebook: William the Conqueror: Sale of Slaves in England, c. 1080


Primary Source #3: "The greatest gifts are often seen, in the course of nature, rained by celestial influences on human creatures; and sometimes, in supernatural fashion, beauty, grace, and talent are united beyond measure in one single person, in a manner that to whatever such an one turns his attention, his every action is so divine, that, surpassing all other men, it makes itself clearly known as a thing bestowed by God (as it is), and not acquired by human art. This was seen by all mankind in Leonardo da Vinci, in whom, besides a beauty of body never sufficiently extolled, there was an infinite grace in all his actions; and so great was his genius, and such its growth, that to whatever difficulties he turned his mind, he solved them with ease. In him was great bodily strength, joined to dexterity, with a spirit and courage ever royal and magnanimous; and the fame of his name so increased, that not only in his lifetime was he held in esteem, but his reputation became even greater among posterity after his death."

Medieval Sourcebook: Giorgio Vasari: Life of Leonardo da Vinci 1550


Explanation of Argument: During the Medieval and Ancient periods there have been many advances in technology and thinking. In the Renaissance there are tremendous advancements in art and philosophy. That continues to be the case in today's world. In the first source it talks Leif Ericson finding North America which was a huge step in exploration. In the second source it talks about how people as a whole have come a long way since the sell and punishment of slaves. In the third source it talks about how art was the main focus in the Renaissance and it is also that case today.

Friday, June 4, 2010

Exam question #'s

Question: Was Athens really a democracy?

Thesis: Athens was a democracy because they had trials by certain laws that they had and the people had some say in the government and what they did.

Quotes:"Whoever intends to bring suit in relation to a free man or slave, shall not take action by seizure before trial; but if he do seize him, let the judge fine him ten staters for the free man, five for the slave, and let him release him within three days."
("Ancient History Sourcebook: The Law Code of Gortyn (Crete), C. 450 BCE." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. .)

"Give a person this power, and straightway his manifold good things puff him up with pride, while envy is so natural to human kind that it cannot but arise in him. But pride and envy together include all wickedness---both of them leading on to deeds of savage violence."

("Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus: The Persians Reject Democracy/Darius' State."FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. .)

"Every State is a community of some kind, and every community is established with a view to some good; for mankind always act in order to obtain that which they think good. But, if all communities aim at some good, the state or political community, which is the highest of all, and which embraces all the rest, aims at good in a greater degree than any other, and at the highest good."

("Ancient History Sourcebook: Aristotle: The Polis, from Politics." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. .)

Question: How was the Medieval concept of power and equality different from our contemporary concept?

Thesis: The Medieval concept of power and equality is different from our contemporary concept because we believe that all men were created equal but they believed back in Medieval times that it was not the case. What you were born is what you died as.

Quotes: "For if, as was customary, a slave held a burning candle before him at dinner, he caused his shins to be bared, and placed the candle between them until the flame died; and he caused the same thing to be done with a second candle until the shins of the torchbearer were burned."

("Medieval Sourcebook: Gregory of Tours: Harsh Treatment of Serfs and Slaves, C."FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. .)

"The trade in slaves persisted on a large scale throughout the early Middle Ages. Indeed, payments were often reckoned in terms of slaves and early fairs were full of men and women exposed for sale. Since England produced at this time very little for export except a few staple commodities, it was convenient to exchange slaves for other goods and these unfortunate people were sent to Italy, Ireland, and Denmark, from which last country they also probably made their way into Germany."

("Medieval Sourcebook: Traffic in Slaves: England, 1065-1066." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. .)

"William the Conqueror found slaves being sold from the north of England and from Bristol, but despite his laws the trade, according to Giraldus Cambrensis, was still being carried on a century later."

("Medieval Sourcebook: William the Conqueror: Sale of Slaves in England, C. 1080."FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. .)

Question: What type of exploration has a greater long-term impact on a society: external exploration of the world or internal exploration of human understanding such as math and sciences?

Thesis: Internal exploration is better because expanding the inner part of a certain civilization is better than trying to conquer other cities when the civilization is not ready and does not have the technology to do that yet.

Quotes:

"After the sixteen winters had lapsed, from the time when Eric the Red went to colonize Greenland, Leif, Eric's son, sailed out from Greenland to Norway. He arrived in Drontheim in the autumn, when King Olaf Tryggvason was come down from the North, out of Halagoland. Leif put into Nidaros with his ship, and set out at once to visit the king. King Olaf expounded the faith to him, as he did to other heathen men who came to visit him. It proved easy for the king to persuade Leif, and he was accordingly baptized, together with all of his shipmates. Leif remained throughout the winter with the king, by whom he was well entertained."

("Modern History Sourcebook: The Discovery of North America by Leif Ericsson, C. 1000 from The Saga of Eric the Red, 1387." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. .)

"I proceeded on my further journey and made my way to Cathay, the realm of the Emperor of the Tartars who is called the Grand Cham."

(These, Help Of. "Medieval Sourcebook: John of Monte Corvino: Report from China 1305."FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. .)

"Amerigo Vespucci (born in Florence in 1452), whose name was given to the American continents by Waldsmuller in 1507, worked in Seville (where he died) in the business house which fitted out Columbus' second expedition. Here he gives an account of the first of his own four voyages. If his claims are accurate he reached the mainland of the Americas shortly before Cabot, and at least 14 months before Columbus."

("Modern History Sourcebook: Amerigo Vespucci (1452-1512): Account Of His First Voyage, 1497." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. .)

Question: Summarize how Elizabeth rises to the throne -- from her birth to her coronation.


Wednesday, June 2, 2010

Reading assignment

The End of the Republic - Tacitus begins the Annals by describing how the civil war and proscriptions (mass executions of political opponents) had destroyed the Republic. (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/tacitus-ann1a.html)

Livy's History of Rome - this first book is basically about the history of Rome and how their nation fell then became great again. It talks about massacres and what kind of goods they imported and exported. (http://ht.ly/1Swu5)

The Battle of Cannae - This is the third book of a series that is written by Polybius. This book describes the type of weather that was going on during the battle, the casualties, and what the outcome of this battle was. (http://ht.ly/1SwxN)

The Lives of the Caesers - This is a biography about Julius Caeser and his family which was written by Suetonius. It talks about tradgedy in the beginning but then talks about his dynasty and the good times that the dynasty and his direct family had. He was killed at a young age but his legend will go on as one of the best dynasties in Rome. (http://ht.ly/1SwBQ)




Friday, May 28, 2010

Athenian Democracy

Pausanias - He talks about each of the cities in Greece. He talks about daily life, legend, folklore, and ceremonial rituals. He focuses mostly on artwork of Ancient Greece.

Solon Select Fragments - These passages are more about gods then people. It talks about how gods affect people in life.

Life of Solon - A biography about the political poet Solon.

The Persians Reject Democracy - People take sides for and against the though of democracy being their new government.

The Melian Dialog - The Athenians threaten Melian to surrender but when they ignored them, they were conquered.

Thursday, May 27, 2010

More Exam Notes

  • Mant is the feather that they weighed against the heart
  • If the feather was the same weight as the heart than you could move on into the afterlife
  • Herodotus wrote about the Persian wars between the Greeks and the Persians
  • Thucydides writes about the Pelopanisian wars
  • Xenophon individual people(428-354)
  • Aristotle encyclopedia method of explaining history(384-323)
  • Plutarch known for his biographies (46-120)
  • Pausanias wrote the first travel guide (160)
  • The Bosarisk is known as the Istanbal strait
  • Thessalonika was known as Thrace then Macedonia
  • Adica is where Athens is
  • They get stopped at Thermopaly
  • Piraeus is the port in Athens
  • The Persians burned the Acropolis down
  • The Athenians rebuilt the Acropolis using funding that they got through the league of Athens
  • The wall near the Acropolis is constructed by remains of buildings after the sack
  • The green part is the grove of Dyanisis
  • Next to that is the theater of Dyanisis
  • The white thing on the other side is a Roman theater
  • 146 bc after the sack of quarinth
  • The entrance to it is around the building you cant go strait through
  • Nike in Greek means victory
  • The temple of Nike is to the left of it
  • The Parthenon is the most important duric architecture
  • Duric is the oldest form of architecture
  • The roof was blown off of it during the war with the Turkish
  • This was a temple to the Virgin Athena
  • Athena was the protector goddess of Athens
  • The temple was built with funds that came through the Athenian league

Possible Essay Question: How do you think things would have been different if the Persians would have won?

Thesis, Outline form (3 body paragraphs with primary sources), explanations of why these relate to the question, and a conclusion.

If the Persians won the Persian wars than all the life that we know would be different.



Why these battles would have changed history if not won by the Greeks. sources http://homepage.usask.ca/~jrp638/DeptTransls/Hdt.html#intro, http://homepage.usask.ca/~jrp638/DeptTransls/Hdt.html#marathon

Friday, May 14, 2010

Democracy and Monarchy Article




























Monarchies and democracies were two completely different forms of government. One depended on the people voting for the office and one was up to a handful of people and whatever they wanted. They both were stable forms of governments but democracy is the form we still use today. Since monarchies have died out a lot of good things have happened. For one you the people are happier with democracies because they are the opinions of everyone and not just the opinions of the royal families. The two were very effective but democracies beat the monarchies in terms of a stable form of government.

A monarchy is a form of government where only a handful people get to make the decisions of the government (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/machiavelli-disc1-55.html). There was no such thing as voting in a monarchy. This mainly took place in England with the reign of Henry the Eighth and her daughters Mary and Elisabeth as well as his son Philip (http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/tudorbio.htm). During the 15th and 16th centuries there was no government that was a democracy. Every government in Europe was a monarchy and run by a King and Queen. The one in England was run by Henry the Eighth and Jane who were the King and Queen of England. The King and Queen were the ones who ultimately made the decisions about going to war or anything else that had to do with the government. Monarchy can also be related to dictatorship which is also a form of government. The greatest but most tragic example of this is Hitler and the Axis forces. Hitler took over Germany through force and terror. He came to power in 1933 and then took Germany by force (http://www.history.com/topics/adolf-hitler). He took most of the Jews, pixies, and other religions except Christianity and threw them in concentration camps (http://www.history.com/topics/adolf-hitler). This can be considered a form of monarchy because one person, being Hitler, made all the decision that had to do with the government. This is the form of government that they used in the Renaissance and before.


Democracy is a government based on the people’s opinion and votes. Unlike the Monarchy not one person, even the president, can make the overall decision. In a democracy the way people get things done in a democracy is by voting. The people have the upper hand in this kind of government. There are some flaws with democracy one being the promises and propaganda that comes with the voting process. There is an article in the democracy journal that states, “Fourteen months ago, the progressive breast swelled with joy and hope at Barack Obama’s ascent to power; today, much of that hope is lost, and the fault sits squarely on the shoulders of the man who raised expectations so thrillingly in 2008 and has deflated them so utterly since.” (http://www.democracyjournal.org/). This is basically saying that President Barack Obama raised the hopes of Americans by stating all these promises just so he could get elected. Now that he is elected, Obama has not really done anything that he promised. The trickery and deceit that goes along with politics in a democracy is a way to get voted for even though you do not have a lot of experience. However the democracy way of government has some up sides as well. For one since the people vote there are fewer disagreements with the outcomes of these decisions. There is also the system of checks and balances in a democracy. This is basically the separation of power between the legislative branch, the judicial branch, and the executive branch (http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_cnb.html). This system makes sure no one branch has more power than the other in decision making. Democracy may have some faults in it but the good outweighs the bad in this case.

There are many things to think about when you compare democracy and monarchy together. They are completely different ideas of a government. On one side you have one person speak for everyone, and on the other side you have a government that even has a system to make sure that does not happen. The main problem with a monarchy is that there have been revolts over time because not everyone was happy with the outcome of one man’s opinion on a matter. In Guibert de Nogent’s paper on the “Revolt in Laon, 1115” it talks about how slaves and serfs had enough so they started revolting when plague struck because everyone was weakened by the blow (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/guibert-laon.html). In Gregory of Tour’s “Enslaving Noble Families” it is basically a flip flop of power between the slaves and their masters (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/511Noblslav.html). When war struck and noble families were captured they had to serve as slaves or be killed (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/511Noblslav.html). There is also some problems with democracy in the fact that there is scandal and propaganda out there that makes people want to vote for certain political leaders but they actually do not want to. The voters think that leaders hold all their promises that they make. If only life was that simple and easy.

These types of governments are so different it is almost impossible to compare them. They both have flaws and advantages but democracy comes up on top because the people are a majority vote based on what they want. Since they live in the country they should have the rules be brought up to them before the government passes them. A monarchy is a one woman or man government with one final opinion only. In a democracy the President can't even make a decision without the people’s consult and approval. This is why democracy is a more effective and efficient government for any country.

Citations: "The Life of King Henry VIII (1491-1547). Biography of Henry Tudor, King of England." Luminarium: Anthology of English Literature. Web. 15 May 2010. <http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/tudorbio.htm>.

"Monarchy." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 15 May 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy>.

Democracy Journal. Web. 15 May 2010. <http://www.democracyjournal.org/>.

"Adolf Hitler — History.com Articles, Video, Pictures and Facts." History.com — History Made Every Day — American & World History. Web. 15 May 2010. <http://www.history.com/topics/adolf-hitler>.

"Medieval Sourcebook: Guibert De Nogent: The Revolt in Laon, 1115." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 15 May 2010. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/guibert-laon.html>.

"Medieval Sourcebook: Gregory of Tours: Enslaving Noble Families, 511." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 14 May 2010. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/511Noblslav.html>.

"File:RWB-donkey.png." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 15 May 2010. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RWB-donkey.png>.

"File:Bush Inauguration08.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 14 May 2010. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bush_Inauguration08.jpg>.
  • Germany 1483 was filled with disease and plague
  • A quarter of the children died before they were five
  • The Church was the most powerful force in Germany
  • Martin Luther turns the whole Catholic Church over
  • February 1456 Wittenberg to eislben was where he traveled
  • He told the Catholic Church that they are wrong
  • Mantsfels was the town in Germany where he grew up
  • The west of Ireland to the tip of Sicily was the empire which he lived in
  • He served as an altar boy and sang in his Church's choir
  • His father Hans was a copper smelter
  • His parents would beat him for doing barely anything
  • Erford was the university he went to
  • He became a good musician
  • In 1505 plague struck Erford
  • 3 of his friends were killed by the disease
  • He vowed to become a monk because he almost died in a thunder storm
  • A monk's life was so hard when it comes down to it
  • The Arimite's were the monks he joined
  • The monks were encouraged whipping and sleeping without covers
  • He one time slept outside and almost died from doing it
  • He said it's impossible to please God
  • He went to Rome in 1510
  • In October of that year he finally reached Rome
  • Michaelangelo was painting the Sistine chapel
  • Raphael was decorating the Pope's houses
  • The Pope has a private fort that was covered with cannons
  • He reported that when he was trying to preach at mass a priest said get on with it and another said that the bread will just remain bread
  • You could pay a fee to get rid of some time in Purgatory
  • He went to confession for 6 hours four times a day
  • 1511 he went to Vittenburg in a monastery
  • Johann von Stapitz took him under his wing